Boon Island is a
rocky chunk of dry land just over 6 1/2 acres in size. It is located
more than 7 miles off the coast of York, Maine. It is extremely
isolated due to its proximity yet remains quite visible due to the
lighthouse that rises from the rocks. The 133-foot granite Boon
Island Lighthouse towers on the horizon making the island feel much
closer than it is. The current beacon was built in 1855 with the
original day beacon having been erected on the island in 1799.
However Boon Island has history stretching back further than the
implementation of a lighthouse on its rocks. This chapter though is
far darker. It is a story of an unfortunate maritime disaster
wrapped up in one of the most horrific acts known to man:
cannibalism.
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| Boon Island Light as seen from York, Maine |
The legend of the
cannibalism on Boon Island began more than 3,200 miles away in
London. The main players were aboard a 120-ton merchant vessel named
Nottingham Galley. Captained by John Deane it set sail for
Killybegs, Ireland on September 10, 1710 with a cargo of rope. After
an additional cargo of butter and cheese was put aboard the vessel it
set sail on September 24th for Boston, Massachusetts. It is here
that the story of the Nottingham Galley becomes much more
complicated. The only certainty about the next leg of the journey is
where it ended.
There are two
versions most commonly looked at as far as the next leg of the
journey go. The first revolves around the fact that the port of
Killybegs, Ireland was known to be a hotbed for French privateers.
These were essentially pirates with government papers. Sure enough
there were French privateering vessels in the area. The issue was
the fact that England and France were at war at the time.
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| Boon Island Light in 2006 (Dk69/Wikipedia) |
One version of the
story goes that Captain Deane sailed the Nottingham Galley toward the
privateers in the hopes of being captured. This would have allowed
him to collect from the ship's large insurance policy. Or perhaps
Deane was smuggling goods to the French. Whatever the circumstances
ended up being the interaction between the Nottingham Galley and the
privateers did not occur. However Deane's treasonous intentions
during the time of war soured the crew toward their captain to the
point that mutiny was on their minds as they began across the
Atlantic.
Captain Deane was
rumored to be a cruel and sadistic leader of the vessel. Two
particular items of note were that he beat two of his crew so badly
that they were unable to work for several weeks, and that he severely
cut back rations to his crew. The latter would come back to haunt
him. Needless to say the crew despised Deane. It only intensified
when in early December the Nottingham Galley sighted Nova Scotia,
Canada.
Held by the French,
Canada was seemingly the last place a British ship would want to be.
Yet Deane dawdled offshore for nearly a week as if waiting for French
vessels to see him. When a ship did approach the crew assumed it to
be French. Deane did not retreat at all which further intensified
the hatred of his crew toward him. Luckily it turned out to be a
British galley, still the optics for Deane were terrible.
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| A model of a 1715 Swedish Galley Ship (Johan Jonson/Stockholm Maritime Museum) |
Things came to a
head on December 10, 1710 when the Nottingham Galley was caught in a
storm while traveling through the Gulf Of Maine. It was so bad that
the ship pulled its sails down and left it to chance. Though they
could see land it was far off. In reality it was Cape Porpoise and
more than ten miles away. What made it worse was that Captain Deane
had taken a different course which led the ship closer to shore.
Later on reports from crew would say that if they had stayed on the
right course they would have arrived safely in Boston. That would
not happen.
By nightfall on
December 10th the heat between Captain and crew boiled over. They
questioned his poor decisions to which Deane nearly killed one
crewman and threatened others with a pistol. It was apparent to the
crew that he cared more for protecting his authority than protecting
the ship. Not long after these altercations the ship crashed into
the rocky Boon Island on December 11th, splintering the vessel into
pieces.
The crew valiantly
chopped down the Nottingham Galley's mast and used it as a guide to
crawl up to higher ground on the island. During the highest of storm
surges it is possible for the waves to crash over the entire island,
so it is unknown just how much room for error the crew had as the
waited out the storm. One thing was for sure, after making it
through the night the crew was in trouble. They had no coats, no
food, and nothing to make a fire, though they eventually were able to
make a tent.
Small bits of food
from the ship floated ashore in the new few days as well as the men
being able to find mussels to eat. The ship's cook died the second
night. A makeshift boat was made but immediately crashed and sunk.
Two crewman made a raft and sailed for the mainland. One was never
seen again while the other's body washed back up on the island. The
survivors could see Portsmouth Harbor in New Hampshire and though
some ships passed close by they could not signal them.
Days passed and a
decision had to be made. The cold killed another crewman. This was
the tipping point. The decision was made to use the dead man's body
for food. At first some refused to eat their fallen comrade but
eventually they all did what they had to do to survive. The decision
to resort to cannibalism on Boon Island is debated. The crew blamed
Captain Deane, while Deane blamed the crew. No matter who took the
blame it was Deane, with training as a butcher, who did the cutting.
On New Year's Day
1711 a body washed ashore in York and was found by coroner Lewis
Bane. He surmised a ship could have wrecked out on Boon Island and
asked fisherman John Stover to go investigate. Stover did indeed
find the survivors of the wreck. Captain Deane and seven others
swarmed Stover upon his arrival. The crew was stick thin, all with
thick beards, and suffering from frostbite.
The weather began
turning stormy which meant Stover would have to return to shore
without them but he promised to return as soon as the weather
cleared. The crew begged him to build them a fire before leaving
which he did. This was used to properly cook the rest of the crewman
they had been eating, making the ordeal seem a little less gruesome.
Three days later on
January 4, 1711 the men were all rescued from Boon Island. Some were
so weak from nearly four weeks stranded on the island that they had
to be carried off to the waiting vessels. Once back ashore the
stories came out. Captain Deane's painted himself in a very
favorable light, while the crew had a far different recollection of
the ill-fated journey.
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| Captain Deane's grave at St. Wilfrid's Church, Wilford, UK (David Skinner/Flickr) |
The crew's story
was published as a pamphlet and handed out at coffeehouses back in
London. It stated Deane was a traitor, a brutal coward, had caused
the shipwreck, and worst of all had been the one to suggest
cannibalism. Whether all true or not it ruined Deane's reputation
and ran him out of London. He tried rebuilding his reputation by
becoming commander of a Russian ship. It was working until he
captured two Swedish vessels and subsequently turned them over to
Britain. He was accused of taking bribes and was demoted after being
court-martialed. Though it moved the needle more toward the
Nottingham Galley's crew's version of the Boon Island story Deane
still managed to retire in comfort after marrying a wealthy woman.
Whichever version
of events are seen as the truth are lost to history. The only things
for certain are the Nottingham Galley's tragic shipwreck on Boon
Island and the horrific events that followed which allowed some of
the crew to make it off the island alive.
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